All our scriptures and literature are in Sanskrit. We have a treasure house of our shastras, almost all in Sanskrit. Rig Veda for example, - in the beginning the idea was to preserve the text, and the outcome was Science came out..!! Our forefathers have preserved them all orally from generations to generations without a fall of a single syllable!! And in the journey of preservation of the text Science came into being.
Jha sir mentioned the name of a book which every one should read, written by W,S.Allen - "Ancient Indian Phonetics".
Panini was a great Sanskrit Grammarian who lived in Ancient India in 4th century BCE. Before Panini, it was Vedic Sanskrit, and it was very much rich in the forms. In course of time, as languages keep changing Panni started a Grammar pattern of existing language used in his times.His major work was Ashtadhyayi, which contains 8 chapters and 3,959 grammar rules. It is a complete set of grammar. From Panini onwards a special world of Grammar has taken place and that is Classical Sanskrit. Later Katyayana wrote commantary (वर्तिक - explanations) on Panini's sutras, Patanjali Muni wrote Mahabhashya on Panini's sutras and these are called Trimuni Vyakarana (grammar of three great sages).
Panini collected all possible usages of Sanskrit prevalent at that time and started his analysis with "sentence". In Sanskrit there are only two categories of words. द्वाभ्यां पदाभ्यां वाक्यं भवति. पदसमूहं वाक्यम् . सुप् तिङ्न्तयोः वाक्यम् .
The structure of a Sanskrit sentence according to Panini - वाक्य = सुबन्त + तिङ्न्त. x+सुप्+y+तिङ् = वाक्य.
What is सुबन्त ? सुबन्त = प्रातिपतिक + सुप् and What is तिङ्न्त? तिङ्न्त = धातु + तिङ्
तिङ्न्त is a verbal form; and that which is not a verbal form is a सुबन्त. There should be one तिङ्न्त in a sentence and सुबन्त can be many.
What is x here? x is a प्रातिपादिक (base or stem); What is y? y is a धातु (root).
In any case-ending after a noun or pronoun is a सुप्; सुप् is a set of 21 case-endings. सुप् is a label used for tagging a group of 21 suffixes. Anyone of these list of 21 is a सुप्.
सुप् अन्ते यस्य तत् सुबन्तः
तिङ् अन्ते यस्य तत् तिङ्न्तः
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