सुप् is a technical term for a label used for tagging a group of 21 suffixes. Anyone of these collection of 21 is a सुप्. Name given to a collection of case-endings is सुप्. The group starting from सु and ending in सुप्. What are these सुप् ? These are inflections or suffixes. सुप् अन्ते यस्य तत् सुबन्तः
इत् -- 'सुप्' - the last one in the group from सु to सुप् प् is an इत्. The rule is आदिरन्त्येन सहेता - i.e., आदिः अन्त एन सह इता . In some chemical reactions a particular X elements are added to facilitate the chemical reactions and after the desired product is produced, X is removed. Likewise इत् is only a chemical or weapon or tool facilitating to perform certain functions, after which it is removed. इत् is a concept in the grammar to work out some techniques and it is not a part and parcel of the package.
धातु means root. By removing the prefixes and suffixes from a verb you will get the root or धातु. Root is the basic element.
Words can be derived using the rules of grammar by adding suffixes to the root or धातु . The terminations used to form various derivative bases are Primary Affixes and Secondary Affixes. Primary affixes (कृत्) are added to verb roots and Secondary affixes (तद्धित) is added to substantives.
Adding a affix called primary affix कृत् we get कृदन्तः ; Eg. तव्यत् is the suffix is added to the root कृ. कृ + तव्यत् = कर्त्तव्य .
By adding affixes to a धातु, we have formed कृदंत words above. By adding prefixes to a धातु we can form new धातु! For eg., प्र + कृ = प्रकृ.
कृदन्तः + secondary set of कृत् we get तद्धितान्तः ;
Further we add something and we get a compound word or समस्त (For eg. रामलक्ष्मणौ).
A list of roots are given in धातुपाठ. धातु is again re-grouped into 10 गण in terms of the nature of outputs.
भ्वादि: अदादि:जुहोत्यादि: दिवादिः स्वादिः तुदादिः रुधादिः तनादिः क्र्यादिः चुरादिः
i.e., भू आदि ; अद् आदि, जुहोदि आदि ; दिव् आदि, सु आदि, तुद् आदि, रुध् आदि, तन् आदि, क्री आदि, चुर् आदयः ;
there is a sloka to remember all these 10 ganas.
भ्वाद्यदादि: जुहोत्यादि: दिवादिः स्वादिरेव च
तुदादिश्च रुधादिश्च तनादिश्च क्र्यादिश्च चुरादयः
There are 10 लकार (दश लकाराः) i.e., 6 Tenses and 4 Moods in Sanskrit.
6 Tenses are लट् (Present Tense); लङ् (Past Tense Imperfect); लुङ् (Past Tense Aorist);
लिट् (Past Tense Perfect); लुट् (First Future); लृट् (Second Future) and
4 Moods - लोट् (Imperative); विधिलिङ् (Potential); आशॆलिङ् (Benedictive); लृङ् (Conditional).
Each one has 2 Personal Terminations:- प्रथम पुरुषः - मध्यम पुरुषः -, उत्तमपुरुषः
There is also an additional लकार - लेट् which is used only in Vedas. पुरुषाणां त्रीणि वचनानि सन्ति.
In English we have Singular and Plural but in Sanskrit we have 3 - एकवचनम्, द्विवचनम्, बहुवचनम्.
तिङ् is a collection of 18. The first half of 9 is परस्मैपदि and the second half is आत्मनेपदि. परस्मैपदि and आत्मनेपदि forms will give 90 forms each.
(to be continued)
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